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Abolition of the Caliphate

A caliphate is an Islamic state led by a supreme religious and political leader known as a caliph. The Ottoman Caliphate was abolished on March 3, 1924.

Abolition of Sultanate

A sultanate is a country or territory ruled by a sultan.

On November 1, 1922 the sultanate was abolished. The sultanate in this case, 'sultanate' referred to the Ottoman Sultanate.

 Abdulhamid II was the last Sultan to exert effective control over the Ottoman Empire. In Abdulhamid's era, Turkish men were expected to wear a fez in public.

Declaration of the Republic of Turkey

On October 29, 1923, the Republic of Turkey was proclaimed by the Turkish Grand National Assembly.

Political Reforms

 

 

"My people are going to learn the principles of democracy, the dictates of truth and the teachings of science."

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